Multi-Matrix Assessment of Organic UV-Filters in a Major Freshwater Recreational Ecosystem in Central Europe: Spatio-temporal Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment (hdl:21.15109/ARP/8ZHTYH)

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Multi-Matrix Assessment of Organic UV-Filters in a Major Freshwater Recreational Ecosystem in Central Europe: Spatio-temporal Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment

hdl:21.15109/ARP/8ZHTYH

ARP

2026-04-20

1

Németh, Zoltán; Fodor, István; Svigruha, Réka; Vertes, Akos; Pirger, Zsolt; Molnar, Eva, 2026, "Multi-Matrix Assessment of Organic UV-Filters in a Major Freshwater Recreational Ecosystem in Central Europe: Spatio-temporal Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment", https://hdl.handle.net/21.15109/ARP/8ZHTYH, ARP, V1

Multi-Matrix Assessment of Organic UV-Filters in a Major Freshwater Recreational Ecosystem in Central Europe: Spatio-temporal Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment

hdl:21.15109/ARP/8ZHTYH

Németh, Zoltán (HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute)

Fodor, István (HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute)

Svigruha, Réka (HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute)

Vertes, Akos (The George Washington University)

Pirger, Zsolt (HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute)

Molnar, Eva (HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute)

ARP

Németh, Zoltán

Németh, Zoltán

2026-02-24

https://hdl.handle.net/21.15109/ARP/8ZHTYH

Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chemistry, Organic UV filters; Sunscreen-derived pollution; Freshwater recreational lakes; Lake Balaton; Emerging contaminants; Multi-matrix environmental monitoring; Surface water contamination; Periphyton; Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha); Sediment contamination; SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS; Spatio-temporal distribution; Seasonal variability; Environmental risk assessment (ERA); Risk quotient (RQ); Mixture toxicity; Toxic units (TU_mix); Acute ecotoxicology; Bioaccumulation factors (BAF); Sediment–water partitioning (Kd); Emission modelling; Scenario-based exposure assessment; Recreational contaminant inputs; Shallow lake ecosystems; Tourism-driven pollution; sunscreen; Chemical sunscreen; UV-absorbing compounds; Personal care product contaminants

This dataset contains multi-matrix concentration data of five organic UV-filter compounds (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) collected from Lake Balaton (Hungary) between 2022 and 2024. Samples were obtained from 17 shoreline locations and include surface water, sediment (dry weight), periphyton, and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) tissue. Concentrations were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset further includes calculated sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd), bioaccumulation factors (BAF), acute risk quotient (RQ) values, mixture toxicity indices (TU_mix), and model outputs from a multiparametric recreational emission model (BalatonUV–Eq) estimating seasonal OUVF inputs during the bathing period. The data support spatio-temporal analysis of recreational contaminant inputs and screening-level environmental risk assessment in shallow freshwater systems.

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>

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BalatonUV-Eq Model.pdf

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The BalatonUV–Eq model is a multiparametric emission framework developed to estimate recreational sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter (OUVF) inputs into Lake Balaton, the largest shallow freshwater lake in Central Europe. The model quantifies daily (ΣUV_day) and seasonal (ΣUV_season) loads of OUVFs entering surface water via direct wash-off during bathing activities. BalatonUV–Eq integrates behavioural survey data, demographic weighting, sunscreen formulation characteristics, and physicochemical wash-off factors within a transparent and reproducible mathematical structure. The model applies scenario-based parameterization (low, medium, high recreational use) to estimate upper-bound and order-of-magnitude contaminant loads under realistic bathing conditions. This framework provides the first recreational-use-based emission estimation for OUVFs in a large European freshwater lake and offers a transferable approach for contaminant load modelling, exposure assessment, and environmental risk analysis in shallow lake systems worldwide.

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lake_balaton_avo_raw_biota_zebra_mussel.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of avobenzone (AVO) measured in freeze-dried zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) tissue samples collected from Lake Balaton (Hungary). Samples were obtained from shoreline recreational sites during both in-season and out-of-season monitoring campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset provides site-specific measurements supporting bioaccumulation assessment, seasonal comparison, and environmental risk evaluation of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters in freshwater biota. These raw data enable independent verification of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculations and facilitate cross-study comparisons of avobenzone occurrence in freshwater organisms.

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lake_balaton_avo_raw_periphyton.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration measurements of avobenzone (AVO) in periphyton samples collected from Lake Balaton (Hungary), a large shallow freshwater recreational lake in Central Europe. Samples were obtained from 13 shoreline monitoring sites during both in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized solid-phase extraction coupled with UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Periphyton represents a biologically active interface between water and sediment, making it a sensitive matrix for assessing the environmental occurrence and accumulation of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters. These raw data support evaluation of spatial and seasonal variability, sediment–water partitioning behaviour, and ecological exposure pathways of avobenzone in freshwater ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_avo_raw_sediment_dry_weight.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of avobenzone (AVO) measured in sediment samples collected from selected shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sediment sampling was conducted at recreationally influenced locations where representative surface sediment was available. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables evaluation of sediment-associated accumulation of sunscreen-derived organic UV filters and supports calculation of sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd), spatial variability analysis, and seasonal comparison. These data provide quantitative insight into the partitioning behaviour of avobenzone in shallow freshwater systems and contribute to understanding its environmental fate in recreational lake ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_avo_raw_surface_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of avobenzone (AVO) measured in surface water samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling covered both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods to assess temporal variability. Concentrations are reported in ng/L and were determined using a validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method optimized for freshwater matrices. These data form the basis for environmental risk assessment (risk quotient, RQ), mixture toxicity evaluation, and emission modelling within the BalatonUV–Eq framework. The dataset enables analysis of spatial distribution patterns, seasonal concentration peaks, and site-specific contamination hotspots associated with sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem.

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lake_balaton_balatonuv_eq_model_input_pca_729_combinations.png

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This figure presents the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplot of the BalatonUV–Eq emission model input parameter space based on 729 full-factorial parameter combinations (3⁶ design). The analysis was performed on six standardized input variables representing behavioural and physicochemical drivers of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter (OUVF) emissions into Lake Balaton. The PCA serves as an exploratory visualization tool to characterise structure, co-variation, and dominant drivers within the BalatonUV–Eq model parameter space rather than to provide probabilistic uncertainty estimates.

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lake_balaton_balatonuv_eq_pca_component_loadings.pdf

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This document contains the principal component loadings of the BalatonUV–Eq emission model input parameters derived from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed on 729 full-factorial parameter combinations (3⁶ design). The PCA was conducted on six z-score standardized variables representing behavioural and physicochemical drivers of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter (OUVF) emissions into Lake Balaton: number of bathers (Φ), proportion of sunscreen users (Γ), treated skin surface area (Π), application frequency (Ω), total OUVF content (Δ), and wash-off factor (Ψ). The component loadings quantify the contribution of each standardized parameter to the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2), thereby enabling interpretation of dominant emission drivers and parameter co-variation structure within the model input space. This dataset supports transparent interpretation of the BalatonUV–Eq model structure and provides reproducible numerical evidence for the identification of key behavioural and formulation-related determinants of recreational OUVF emissions in freshwater systems.

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lake_balaton_balatonuv_eq_sensitivity_analysis_plot.png

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This figure presents the sensitivity analysis of the BalatonUV–Eq emission model, illustrating the relative influence of standardized input parameters on the modelled daily discharge of organic UV filters (ΣUV_day) into Lake Balaton. Sensitivity ranking was derived from standardized regression coefficients (SRC) obtained from a linear regression model fitted to z-score standardized input variables (Φ, Γ, Π, Ω, Δ, Ψ) across 729 full-factorial parameter combinations (3⁶ design). Absolute SRC values quantify the relative contribution of each parameter to the variability of the model output. The plot visualizes the ranked parameter influence, demonstrating that treated skin surface area (Π), number of bathers (Φ), and application frequency (Ω) represent the dominant drivers of sunscreen-derived OUVF emissions, whereas wash-off factor (Ψ) and sunscreen composition parameters have comparatively lower influence within realistic regulatory ranges. This sensitivity framework enhances transparency of the BalatonUV–Eq model and provides quantitative evidence for the dominant behavioural determinants of recreational UV-filter emissions in shallow freshwater systems.

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lake_balaton_balatonuv_eq_sensitivity_ranking_src.pdf

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This document contains the quantitative sensitivity ranking of the BalatonUV–Eq emission model input parameters based on standardized regression coefficients (SRC). The SRC values were derived from a linear regression model fitted to z-score standardized input variables (Φ, Γ, Π, Ω, Δ, Ψ) and the corresponding modelled daily OUVF discharge (ΣUV_day) across 729 full-factorial parameter combinations (3⁶ design). Absolute SRC values represent the relative contribution of each parameter to the variability of the model output. The ranking identifies treated skin surface area (Π), number of bathers (Φ), and application frequency (Ω) as the dominant determinants of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter emissions into Lake Balaton. Parameters related to sunscreen composition and wash-off processes show comparatively lower relative influence within realistic behavioural and regulatory ranges. This dataset provides the numerical foundation for the sensitivity analysis of the BalatonUV–Eq model and supports transparent evaluation of dominant emission drivers in recreational freshwater systems.

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lake_balaton_dbt_raw_biota_zebra_mussel.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of iscotrizinol (DBT) measured in freeze-dried tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling focused on recreationally influenced areas where mussel populations were present. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables assessment of field-based bioaccumulation patterns of DBT in freshwater biota and supports calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAF) relative to corresponding surface-water concentrations. These data contribute to understanding the trophic transfer potential and environmental fate of next-generation organic UV-filters in shallow freshwater recreational ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_dbt_raw_periphyton.xlsx

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lake_balaton_dbt_raw_sediment_dry_weight.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of iscotrizinol (DBT) measured in periphyton samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Periphyton samples were collected from recreationally influenced areas where biofilm accumulation on submerged substrates was observed. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were quantified using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset allows evaluation of DBT accumulation in freshwater biofilms and supports assessment of sediment–water and biota–water partitioning behaviour in shallow lake systems. These data contribute to understanding the environmental distribution, surface-associated retention, and potential ecological exposure pathways of next-generation organic UV-filters in freshwater recreational ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_dbt_raw_surface_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of iscotrizinol (DBT) measured in surface water samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling covered both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods to assess temporal variability associated with tourism intensity. Concentrations are reported in ng/L and were determined using a validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method optimized for freshwater matrices. These data support spatial distribution analysis, seasonal comparison, and ecological risk assessment (risk quotient, RQ) for DBT in a large shallow freshwater recreational lake. The dataset contributes to expanding the currently limited field-based freshwater occurrence data for iscotrizinol and provides a quantitative basis for evaluating sunscreen-derived contamination in recreational lake ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_ehmc_raw_biota_zebra_mussel.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octinoxate (EHMC) measured in freeze-dried tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were quantified using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables assessment of field-based bioaccumulation patterns of EHMC in freshwater bivalves and supports calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAF) relative to corresponding surface-water concentrations. These data provide quantitative evidence of trophic exposure and organism-level accumulation of a widely used organic UV-filter in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem.

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lake_balaton_ehmc_raw_periphyton.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octinoxate (EHMC) measured in periphyton (freshwater biofilm) samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were quantified using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables evaluation of EHMC accumulation in biofilm matrices and supports assessment of matrix-specific partitioning behaviour in shallow freshwater systems. Periphyton represents an ecologically relevant exposure compartment, reflecting both dissolved-phase uptake and surface-associated retention of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters. These data provide insight into biofilm-level retention and potential trophic transfer pathways within a large recreational freshwater ecosystem.

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lake_balaton_ehmc_raw_sediment_dry_weight.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octinoxate (EHMC) measured in sediment samples collected from selected shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. Sediment samples represent surface layers from recreationally influenced areas where accumulation of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters is expected. The dataset enables evaluation of sediment-associated retention of EHMC, supports calculation of sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd), and contributes to understanding the environmental fate and persistence of this widely used UV-filter in shallow freshwater lake systems.

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lake_balaton_ehmc_raw_surface_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octinoxate (EHMC) measured in surface water samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling included both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods to assess tourism-related temporal variability. Concentrations are reported in ng/L and were determined using a validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method optimized for freshwater matrices. These data provide the basis for spatial distribution analysis, seasonal comparison, sediment–water partitioning calculations, and ecological risk assessment (risk quotient, RQ) in a large shallow freshwater recreational lake. The dataset contributes to expanding freshwater occurrence data for EHMC and supports assessment of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter contamination under intensive recreational pressure.

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lake_balaton_eht_raw_biota_zebra_mussel.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) measured in freeze-dried tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables assessment of field-based bioaccumulation patterns of EHT in freshwater bivalves and supports calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAF) relative to corresponding surface-water concentrations. These data provide rare field-based freshwater occurrence information for EHT in biota and contribute to understanding the environmental fate, trophic exposure potential, and organism-level accumulation of next-generation organic UV-filters in recreational lake ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_eht_raw_periphyton.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) measured in periphyton (freshwater biofilm) samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were quantified using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables assessment of EHT accumulation in biofilm matrices and supports evaluation of surface-associated retention processes of hydrophobic organic UV-filters in shallow freshwater systems. Periphyton represents an ecologically relevant exposure compartment that integrates dissolved-phase uptake and particulate-bound accumulation. These data provide field-based evidence of EHT distribution in freshwater biofilms under intensive recreational pressure.

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lake_balaton_eht_raw_sediment_dry_weight.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) measured in surface sediment samples collected from selected shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. Sediment samples represent the upper depositional layer of recreationally influenced zones where hydrophobic organic UV filters may accumulate. The dataset enables evaluation of sediment-associated retention of EHT, supports calculation of sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd), and contributes to understanding the environmental partitioning behaviour and persistence of next-generation UV-filters in shallow freshwater lake systems. These field-based sediment data provide rare quantitative evidence of EHT occurrence in freshwater benthic compartments.

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lake_balaton_eht_raw_surface_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) measured in surface water samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling included both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods to assess tourism-related variability. Concentrations are reported in ng/L and were determined using a validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method optimized for freshwater matrices. The dataset enables spatial distribution analysis, seasonal comparison, and ecological risk assessment (risk quotient, RQ) of EHT in a large shallow freshwater recreational lake. These field-based data provide rare quantitative evidence of EHT occurrence in freshwater surface waters and support evaluation of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filter contamination under intensive recreational pressure.

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lake_balaton_oc_raw_biota_zebra_mussel.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octocrylene (OC) measured in freeze-dried tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables assessment of field-based bioaccumulation of octocrylene in freshwater bivalves and supports calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAF) relative to corresponding surface-water concentrations. Octocrylene is among the most frequently detected organic UV-filters worldwide in aquatic environments. These field-based data contribute to understanding its organism-level accumulation, trophic exposure potential, and environmental persistence in shallow freshwater recreational ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_oc_raw_periphyton.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octocrylene (OC) measured in periphyton (freshwater biofilm) samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were quantified using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. The dataset enables evaluation of octocrylene accumulation in biofilm matrices and supports assessment of matrix-specific retention and partitioning behaviour in shallow freshwater systems. Periphyton represents an ecologically relevant exposure compartment, integrating dissolved-phase uptake and particulate-bound accumulation of hydrophobic organic UV-filters. These field-based data provide insight into biofilm-level retention and potential trophic transfer pathways in a heavily used recreational lake.

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lake_balaton_oc_raw_sediment_dry_weight.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octocrylene (OC) measured in surface sediment samples collected from selected shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Concentrations are reported in ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and were determined using a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method. Sediment samples represent the upper depositional layer of recreationally influenced zones where hydrophobic organic UV filters are expected to accumulate. The dataset enables evaluation of sediment-associated retention of octocrylene, supports calculation of sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd), and contributes to understanding the environmental partitioning behaviour and persistence of one of the most widely used organic UV-filters in freshwater lake systems. These field-based sediment data provide quantitative evidence of OC accumulation in benthic compartments under intensive recreational pressure.

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lake_balaton_oc_raw_surface_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw concentration data of octocrylene (OC) measured in surface water samples collected from shoreline monitoring sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary) during seasonal sampling campaigns between 2022 and 2024. Sampling included both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods to evaluate tourism-driven temporal variability. Concentrations are reported in ng/L and were determined using a validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method optimized for freshwater matrices. These data support spatial distribution analysis, seasonal trend evaluation, sediment–water partitioning calculations, and ecological risk assessment (risk quotient, RQ) in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem. Octocrylene is globally recognized as one of the most frequently detected organic UV-filters in aquatic environments. This dataset provides comprehensive freshwater monitoring data under intensive recreational pressure in Central Europe.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_bioaccumulation_factors_baf_biota.xlsx

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This dataset contains field-based bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) calculated for five organic UV filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from Lake Balaton (Hungary). BAF values (L/kg dry weight) were calculated as the ratio of mean compound concentrations measured in freeze-dried biota tissues (ng/g d.w.) to corresponding mean concentrations in surface water (ng/L) for both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods. The dataset provides quantitative evidence of organism-level accumulation and supports evaluation of trophic exposure potential of sunscreen-derived contaminants in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem. These data contribute to freshwater bioaccumulation assessment of next-generation organic UV-filters under intensive seasonal tourism pressure.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_correlation_matrix_summer_2023.tif

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This figure presents the Spearman correlation matrix between surface-water concentrations of five organic UV filters (OUVFs) and selected physicochemical water quality parameters measured during the peak bathing season (summer 2023) in Lake Balaton (Hungary). The analysis was conducted across shoreline sampling sites influenced by recreational activity. Correlation coefficients (Spearman’s r) quantify monotonic relationships between OUVF concentrations (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, ethylhexyl triazone) and key limnological parameters including nutrients, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and other water quality indicators. The matrix enables identification of co-occurrence patterns among UV-filters and potential environmental drivers influencing their distribution. Strong positive correlations among selected OUVFs indicate common sources related to recreational sunscreen usage, while associations with specific physicochemical parameters provide insight into environmental behaviour and transport processes in shallow freshwater systems.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_ecotoxicology_endpoints_pnec.xlsx

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This dataset contains ecotoxicological endpoints and derived predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for five organic UV-filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) used in the environmental risk assessment of Lake Balaton (Hungary). The dataset includes acute EC₅₀ and, where available, chronic NOEC values for freshwater organisms, primarily Daphnia magna. PNECs were derived in accordance with the Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment (European Commission, 2003) using compound-specific assessment factors (AFs). For compounds with chronic toxicity data available, PNECs were based on the most sensitive endpoint; otherwise, acute EC₅₀ values were used with appropriate AFs. These data form the toxicological basis for risk quotient (RQ) calculations and mixture toxicity assessment (TU_mix) applied to measured environmental concentrations in surface waters of a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_global_concentration_ranges_literature_comparison.xlsx

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This dataset compiles reported environmental concentration ranges for selected organic UV filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) across different environmental matrices worldwide, providing a comparative framework for concentrations measured in Lake Balaton (Hungary). The table summarizes published freshwater and marine occurrence data across surface water, sediment, and biota matrices. Entries marked as “n.a.” indicate that no published environmental concentration data were available for the respective compound–matrix combination at the time of compilation, rather than missing data within the present study. Values reported under “This study” represent field-based freshwater concentrations from Lake Balaton and, in several cases, constitute among the first documented data for specific next-generation UV-filters in certain environmental compartments. This dataset enables contextual interpretation of measured concentrations and supports international comparison of sunscreen-derived contamination in recreational aquatic ecosystems.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_kd_periphyton_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains calculated distribution coefficients (Kd) for five organic UV filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) between periphyton (freshwater biofilm) and surface water in Lake Balaton (Hungary). Kd values (L/kg dry weight) were calculated as the ratio of mean compound concentrations measured in periphyton (ng/g d.w.) to corresponding mean concentrations in surface water (ng/L) for both recreational in-season and out-of-season periods. The calculation approach was applied consistently across all compound–matrix combinations. The dataset provides quantitative insight into biofilm–water partitioning behaviour of sunscreen-derived organic UV filters and supports evaluation of matrix-specific retention processes in shallow freshwater ecosystems under seasonal recreational pressure. These data contribute to understanding the environmental distribution and compartmentalization of hydrophobic UV-filters in freshwater biofilm systems.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_kd_sediment_water.xlsx

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This dataset contains calculated sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd) for five organic UV filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, and ethylhexyl triazone) in Lake Balaton (Hungary). Kd values (L/kg dry weight) were calculated as the ratio of mean compound concentrations measured in surface sediment (ng/g d.w.) to corresponding mean concentrations in surface water (ng/L), separately for recreational in-season and out-of-season periods. The calculation method was applied consistently across all compound–matrix combinations. The dataset provides quantitative insight into sediment-associated retention and partitioning behaviour of sunscreen-derived organic UV-filters in a shallow freshwater lake system. These coefficients support evaluation of environmental fate, persistence, and benthic compartment accumulation under seasonal recreational pressure.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_rq_avo.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific acute risk quotient (RQ_acute) values calculated for avobenzone (AVO) in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). RQ values were derived by dividing measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) by the compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for freshwater organisms. The PNEC was derived from acute ecotoxicological endpoints following established regulatory guidance. RQ values are presented for both recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns. The dataset enables spatial and seasonal evaluation of potential ecological risk associated with sunscreen-derived avobenzone contamination in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem. RQ_acute values represent screening-level risk indicators rather than comprehensive multi-taxa ecological risk estimates.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_rq_dbt.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific acute risk quotient (RQ_acute) values calculated for iscotrizinol (DBT) in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). RQ values were derived by dividing measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) by the compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for freshwater organisms. The PNEC was derived from acute ecotoxicological endpoints in accordance with established regulatory guidance. RQ values are provided for both recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns. The dataset enables spatial and seasonal evaluation of potential ecological risk associated with sunscreen-derived iscotrizinol contamination in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem. RQ_acute values represent screening-level risk indicators intended to identify potential risk hotspots rather than comprehensive ecological risk characterization.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_rq_ehmc.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific acute risk quotient (RQ_acute) values calculated for octinoxate (EHMC) in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). RQ values were derived by dividing measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) by the compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for freshwater organisms. The PNEC was derived using acute and, where available, chronic ecotoxicological endpoints in accordance with established regulatory guidance. RQ values are provided for both recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns, enabling evaluation of spatial variability and seasonal risk dynamics associated with sunscreen-derived contamination. The dataset supports screening-level ecological risk assessment of EHMC in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem and allows identification of potential risk hotspots during peak tourism periods.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_rq_eht.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific acute risk quotient (RQ_acute) values calculated for ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). RQ values were calculated as the ratio of measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) to the compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) derived from acute ecotoxicological endpoints for freshwater organisms. Values are reported separately for recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns. The dataset enables evaluation of spatial variability and seasonal risk patterns of EHT contamination in a large shallow freshwater recreational lake. RQ_acute values represent screening-level ecological risk indicators and support identification of potential high-risk conditions associated with intensive sunscreen usage. These field-based risk assessment data provide rare quantitative evidence of EHT-related ecological risk in freshwater surface waters.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_rq_oc.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific acute risk quotient (RQ_acute) values calculated for octocrylene (OC) in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). RQ values were derived as the ratio of measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) to the compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for freshwater organisms. The PNEC was established using acute ecotoxicological endpoints in accordance with regulatory risk assessment guidance. Values are reported for both recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns, enabling detailed assessment of spatial variability and seasonal risk dynamics associated with sunscreen-derived octocrylene contamination. The dataset supports screening-level ecological risk assessment of octocrylene in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem and allows identification of high-risk exposure conditions during peak tourism periods.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_acute_tumix.xlsx

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This dataset contains site- and date-specific mixture toxicity indices (TU_mix) calculated for five organic UV-filters (AVO, OC, EHMC, DBT, EHT) measured in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). TU_mix values were calculated using the concentration addition (CA) model, where individual toxic units (TU_i = MEC_i / EC₅₀_i) were summed across compounds for each sampling site and date. Measured environmental concentrations (MEC, ng/L) were derived from field monitoring campaigns, and acute EC₅₀ values for freshwater organisms were used as toxicity endpoints. Results are provided for both recreational in-season and out-of-season sampling campaigns, allowing assessment of spatial variability and seasonal mixture toxicity dynamics in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem. TU_mix values represent screening-level acute mixture toxicity indicators and are intended to support relative comparison of cumulative UV-filter exposure rather than comprehensive chronic ecological risk assessment. This dataset provides rare field-based mixture toxicity evaluation data for organic UV-filters in freshwater surface waters.

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lake_balaton_ouvf_surface_water_spatiotemporal_heatmap.tif

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This figure presents a detailed spatiotemporal heatmap illustrating concentrations of five organic UV-filters (AVO, OC, EHMC, DBT, EHT) measured in surface waters of Lake Balaton (Hungary). The heatmap displays concentration values (ng/L) across 17 shoreline sampling sites and five discrete sampling campaigns, enabling simultaneous visualization of spatial distribution patterns and seasonal variability. Color gradients represent concentration intensity, facilitating identification of contamination hotspots and peak tourism-related exposure periods. The dataset underlying this visualization originates from a matrix-optimized SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS analytical method applied to multi-season monitoring campaigns. This figure supports interpretation of recreationally driven contamination dynamics in a large shallow freshwater ecosystem and highlights the pronounced in-season concentration increases associated with intensive sunscreen usage.

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lake_balaton_surface_water_cluster_analysis_summer_2023.tif

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This figure presents the results of hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s linkage, Euclidean distance) performed on standardized surface-water physicochemical parameters measured across 17 sampling sites in Lake Balaton during the peak bathing season (summer 2023). The dendrogram illustrates spatial clustering patterns based on water chemistry variables, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Four major spatial clusters were identified, reflecting limnological differentiation among lake regions during intensive recreational use. The analysis was conducted using z-score standardized input variables to ensure comparability across different measurement scales. This figure supports interpretation of spatial water quality heterogeneity and provides contextual background for observed organic UV-filter distribution patterns in the lake.

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lake_balaton_surface_water_physicochemical_cluster_input_2023.xlsx

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This dataset contains raw physicochemical surface-water parameters measured at 17 sampling sites in Lake Balaton during the peak bathing season (summer 2023). Measured variables include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. These parameters were used as input variables for hierarchical cluster analysis to assess spatial heterogeneity of water quality during intensive recreational use. The dataset provides site-specific environmental context for interpreting the spatial distribution of organic UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in the lake. All values represent field-based measurements from standardized sampling campaigns and support reproducibility of multivariate statistical analyses presented in the associated study.

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lake_balaton_surface_water_summer_2023_ouvf_physchem.xlsx

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This dataset contains combined organic UV-filter (OUVF) concentrations and physicochemical surface-water parameters measured at 13 shoreline sampling sites (Site IDs 5–17) in Lake Balaton during the peak bathing season (summer 2023). The dataset includes measured concentrations (ng/L) of five widely used organic UV-filters (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, iscotrizinol, ethylhexyl triazone), alongside corresponding physicochemical water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Reference sites (Site IDs 1–4) were excluded from this dataset to focus on intensively used recreational locations. These data were used for correlation analysis (Spearman matrix) and multivariate assessment of relationships between sunscreen-derived contaminants and water chemistry parameters. The dataset provides integrated environmental exposure and water quality information supporting spatiotemporal assessment of anthropogenic contamination in a large shallow freshwater recreational ecosystem.

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